Geography 292: Geospatial Analysis with Web GIS

Chapter 7 Comments, Notes, Questions

1. The basic form of 3D GIS is 3D web scenes and scenes (these can have multiple layers)
   1. Layers: feature layers, map image layers, raster/vector tile layers, scene layers
   2. There are two types of scenes: (1) Photorealistic (recreates reality using photos to texture features) and (2) Cartographic (takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and applies them to 3D mapping)
   3. Displays: (1) Local (on a planar surface) and (2) Global (spherical surface)
2. Main elements in scenes
   1. Surfaces: continuous measurements with x and y values for location
      1. DTM (digital terrain model), DEM (digital elevation model), and DSM (digital surface model)
   2. Features: live on, above, or below surfaces (operational layers)
   3. Textures: exterior or covers of your 3D feature
   4. Atmospheric Effects: for example, lighting or fog
3. Web Scenes and Web Scene Layers
   1. 3D Object Scene Layers – represent and visualize 3D objects (can be created manually or automatically – procedural modeling)
   2. Building Scene Layers – visualize complex digital models of buildings and interact with their elements
      1. Structure: Overview, Discipline, Category, and Filter
   3. Integrated Mesh Scene Layers: turn raw drone imagery into valuable information and layers
   4. Point Cloud Scene Layers: display large volumes of symbolized point cloud data (usually collected from lidar or generated from Drone2Map)
   5. Point Scene Layers: display large amounts of point data not possible within a point feature layer
   6. Voxel Scene Layers: for multidimensional space and temporal data
4. VR, XR, and the Metaverse
   1. VR: available through ArcGIS 360 VR and 3VR
   2. XR: real and virtual combined elements (inc. AR and MR)
   3. Metaverse: a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social connections (includes real metaverses for working)
5. Indoor 3D GIS
   1. Challenges: GPS doesn’t work well indoors, and space is often in complex 3D formats
   2. ArcIndoor components: ArcGIS Indoors for ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Indoors Viewer, Indoor Space Planner, ArcGIS Indoors for iOS and Andriod
6. ArcGIS Urban
   1. Applies GIS technology to urban planning
   2. Main content types: plans, projects, indicators, and ideas
7. ArcGIS GeoBIM
   1. ETL: requires ongoing maintenance, which is costly and difficult to scale
   2. BIM as 3D graphics: good quality visualizations, but eliminates BIM attribution, metadata, and georeferencing info
   3. ArcGIS GeoBIM: bridges the gap between GIS and BIM
      1. Provides organization and simple, streamlined communication between the 2.

Chapter 7 Application: For this application, I think I would like to make my own Fun Park. My favorite park from back home has walking trails, a lake, a marina, a library, a wildlife center, and lots of playgrounds, benches, and tables so, I think it would be fun to visualize it since there are so many different attributes and symbols I could customize. I’m also pretty sure they have a public GIS hub where I could get some type of point layer or map of the features to get me started, so I think it’s doable!

• 3D web maps are called web scenes or 3D scenes in ArcGIS. It brings an extra dimension to 2D maps, and so it provides advantages in data visualization, analysis, and communication. It allows audiences to quickly understand the size and relative position of objects. It also enables designers to build flexible scenarios quickly and effectively while avoiding costly mistakes. 
• Just as web map can have many layers, a web scene can also have multiple layers. These include feature layers, map image layers, image layers, raster tile layers, vector tile layers, and scene layers. Based on visual effects scenes can be grouped into two main types: photorealistic and cartographic. 
• Photorealistic layers aims to recreate reality using photos to texture features. These types of scenes are good for demonstrating visible objects like a city. 
• Cartographic layers takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and moves them into 3D. These layers are good for attribute driven symbols such as height, color, transparency, etc. or for invisible features such as population density, flight paths, solar impact, etc. 
• The main elements in scenes: 1.) surfaces- continuous measurements with one value for a given x,y location. They are often referred to as a digital elevation model (DEM), digital terrain model (DTM), or digital surface model (DSM). 2.) features- live on, above, or below the surfaces. They can be 2D or 3D and they are operational layers. 3.) textures- provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features. Textures often use aerial imageries or cartographic symbols. 4.) atmospheric effects- examples include lighting and fog
• 3D object scene layers- used to represent and visualize 3D objects, such as textured or untextured buildings. Can be created manually or automatically. 
• Building scene layers- allow you to visualize complex digital methods of buildings and interact with all components of the building. You can explore a building’s composition, properties, and locations of structures in a building’s digital model. A 3D building scene layer has the following structure: 1.) overview- optional layer that allows you to view the 3D building as a singular layer. 2.) discipline- combines category layers into various work disciplines of the building such as architectural, structural, mechanical, etc. 3.) category layer- represents individual categories such as windows or walls organized in disciplines. They are 3D object scene layers. 4.) filter- allows you to view details in complex buildings. 5.) integrated mesh scene layers- constructed from large sets of overlapping imagery. It will turn raw, still imagery into valuable information products. It can identify matching points on different images and stitch the images together based on these points. 6.) point cloud scene layers- provide a fast display of large volumes of symbolized point and cloud data. 7.) point scene layers- used to display large amounts of point data not possible with a point feature layer. This ensures fast visualization for clients. These layers are automatically thinned to improve performance and visibility at smaller scales. As you zoom in, additional features are displayed. 8.) voxel scene layers- represents multidimensional spatial and temporal information in a 3D volumetric visualization. You can visualize atmospheric or oceanic data or space -time cubes as voxel layers. 
• ArcGis Pro- a desktop app that provides comprehensive tools for managing 2D and 3D data, and authoring and sharing 2D maps and 3D scenes 
• ArcGIS CityEngine- a desktop app that provides advanced 3D creation capabilities.
• ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise- Web GIS platforms that can host scene layers for online and on-premises 3D web GIS apps, offer Scene Viewer for creating and viewing web scenes, manage the access to web scenes and related layers, and provide ArcGIS Experience Builder and other ready to use apps.
• VR- a computer technology that uses headsets or multiprojected environments to generate 3D views, sounds, and other sensations that stimulate a user’s physical presence in a visual or imaginary environment. VR can immerse users and scenes generated from GIS data. ArcGIS 360 VR is a web app that allows you to view 360 VR experiences on desktop PCs, mobile devices, and VR headsets.
• XR- refers to all real and virtual combined environments and human machine interactions, generated by computer technology and wearables. It includes AR,VR, and MR. MR is the merging of real world and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualizations, where physical and digital objects coexist and interact in real time. 
• Metaverse- a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social connection.. GIS can produce 3D scenes of the world’s terrain, digital cities, airports, office buildings, etc. 
• ArcGIS Indoors and ArcGIS Pro- allow you to create and manage data and share maps and services to support other apps. It guides GIS professionals through the process of creating the indoors geodatabase. 
• ArcGIS Indoors Viewer- allows you to find a location or resource within a building or a site that includes several buildings. 
• Indoor Space Planner- A browser- based app that allows you to plan occupant activity in indoor spaces. Including assigning individuals to specific locations or activity based work.
• ArcGIS Indoors for iOS and Android- allow you to view indoor maps and interact with them by exploring, searching, saving, sharing, getting directions, etc. 
• I could create a web scene to see the student population of all the universities in Ohio. Prospective university students could use this to get a visual representation of how many students they would be surrounded by in deciding the size of school they would like to go to. To do this, I would add the state of Ohio as the first layer, and then continue layering with all of the universities in Ohio with their student body population as the main attribute to visualize. The schools with higher populations will appear higher elevated than smaller schools. The schools would also appear to be located in the relative area of the actual school on the Ohio map.

Rose Week 5:

• 3D Web Scenes
  • More intuitive to interpret than 2D maps
  • Enables fasters communication
  • More interesting and engaging
  • Important for design, simulation, many industries
  • A critical component of VR and AR
• Visual effects
  • Photorealistic(real world)
  • Cartographic(representative)
• Viewing modes
  • Global
    • Global Coordinate System(WGS84): can display above the ground features, can be enable to display under the ground features
  • Local
    • Projected Coordinate systems: Can display above and under the ground feature
• 3D view: four main elements
  • Surfaces: provide ground elevation
  • Features: situated one, above, or below the surfaces
  • Textures: provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features
  • Atmospheric effects
• Web scenes
  • Equivalent to web maps in 2D
  • Essential for 3D apps ArcGIS platform
  • Collection of layers, environment settings and slides
• Scenes services/layers
  • Scalable cache of graphics, styles, and attributes
• I3S(indexed 3d scene)
  • Open specification for scene layer 
• Layers in web scenes 
• 2D layers
  • Feature layers: can display in 3D symbols
  • Map image layers, vector tile layers, raster tile layers, image layers
• Scene service/layers
  • Can hold large volumes of features in an open format(i3s0 that is suitable for webs streaming
  • Leads features progressively, starting from coarse representations and refines them to higher detail as necessary for close-up views
• Web scene layers
  • 3D object scene layers, building scene layers, integrated mesh scene layers, point cloud scene layer, point scene layers, voxel scene layer
• Virtual reality(VR)
  • Uses headsets or multi-projected environments to generate 3D views, sounds, and other sensation that simulate a users physical presence in virtual or imaginary environment
  • Users are immersed “inside” the maps, and can “look” and “move” around the artificial world and even interact with virtual features or items
• XR
  • Refers to all real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions, generated by computer technology and wearables, where the X represents a variable for any current or future spatial technologies. Includes AR, VR, and MR
  • MR is merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualizations, where physical and digital objects coexist and interact in real time. AR takes place in the physical world, with information or objects added virtually, like an overlay
  • VR immerses you in a fully virtual world without the intervention of the physical world
  • MR does not exclusively take place in either the physical world or virtual, but rather a hybrid of AR and VR
• Metaverse
  • A network of #D virtual worlds focused on social connection
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the interest in developing metaverses
  • GIS professionals can play important role in building metaverses
• ArcGIS GeoBIM
  • Bridges gap between GIS and BIM using a web-to-web client integration approach by connecting ArcGIS with Autodesk Construction and BIM 360
  • Provides a solution for exploring BIM, engineering documents, and project management issues in a geographic context

An app that I would create applying this type of knowledge would be possible layouts and structures to a dorm room based on the furniture that is provided in order to find the best setup to fit your needs without constantly rearranging it by hand. 

Rose week 4:

Chapter 6:

• Spatiotemporal data and real0time GIS basics: Handles current and continuous data
  • Dynamic: something that moves
  • Discrete: something that “just happens”
  • Stationary: stands still but values change
  • Change: change or growth
• Sensory networks
  • Spatially distributed autonomous sensor that can cooperatively pass data through network, often wirelessly, for live data access and analysis
• Internet of things(IoT)
  • Network of physical objects or “things” embedded with sensors and network connectivity, which enable these objects or “things” to collect and exchange data
• IoT applications
  • Enterprise applications: smart cities, infrastructure management, environment quality monitoring, smart retail-inventory management, and precision agriculture
  • Consumer applications: connected cars, connected health, and smart homes
• ArcGIS Velocity
  • Information and data come in from feeds then is processed in real time. The filtered and analyzed data is then put into various outputs like ArcGIS Dashboards, Insights, Web AppBuilder, and other apps, or just even to actuate devices
• ArcGIS Dashboards
  • Allows users to convey information by presenting location-based analytics using intuitive and interactive data visualizations on a single screen
  • Ready to use data visualizations and other tools to interact with data
• ArcGIS Mission
  • Real-time geospatial communications and situational awareness product that provides users with picture of operating environments and helps coordination of movement and communication
  • Three components: mission manager, mission responder, mission server
• An idea I had for this section would be using a Dashboard to put in and show data of food insecurity and malnutrition. However, I think this would be difficult as there aren’t set cases to something like food insecurity and is difficult to quantify and show in this format. 

Chapter 7 was about building a 3D web scene.

Using Scan Viewer we are making architecture, construction and urban planning easier to visualize. 

Photorealistic – recreating reality using photos they use photos for these scenes because they are very good at showing texture and objects like a city.

Cartographic – makes a 2D thematic mapping into 3D. Using attribute symbols to show physical, abstract, or invisible features like population density, flight paths, solar impact, and zoning laws. 

They main elements in scenes:

• Surfaces are continuous measurements of elevation with only one value for a location. Often referred to as digital models  DEM(elevation), DTM(terrain), DSM(surface). 
• Features can be 2D or 3D and are live on, above, or below surfaces. Operational layers of 3D maps.
• Textures are the exterior or interior 3D features. They use aerial imagery or cartographic symbols. 
• Atmospheric effects are like fog and lightning. 

Reading notes:

 

• Introduction to 3D mapping within GIS through web scenes, emphasizing the importance of scene layers like photorealistic and cartographic types.
  • In-depth exploration of various scene layers such as 3D object scene layers, building scene layers, integrated mesh scene layers, point cloud scene layers, point scene layers, and voxel scene layers.
• Broader applications of 3D GIS are explored, spanning urban planning, architecture, engineering, construction (AEC), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), extended reality (XR), and the emerging metaverse concept.
• Significance of indoor 3D GIS highlighted, with ArcGIS Indoors serving as a solution for smart building management, providing wayfinding for people, assets, and specific rooms.

 

In my application, I would use spatial analysis to identify economic disparities across different regions within a state based on its gdp data. Using techniques such as integrated mesh scenes to pinpoint areas with economic growth or those with economic challenges.

Chapter 6: Spatiotemporal data and real-time GIS

Real-time GIS Basics 

• Moving – airplanes, trains, cars. (anything that moves)
• Discrete – earthquakes, criminal incidents. (things that ‘just happen”)
• Stationary – weather station measurements, water levels at stream gauges, traffic speed, live video footage. (stands still but values change)
• Change – perimeter of wildfires, flooded areas, urban sprawl. (change of growth)

IoT is a network of all physical objects with sensors embedded that will allow them to exchange data. An example would be smart cars and how they use IoT to connect with the geospatial cloud to find the best travel distance route and stay within traffic speeds. 

ArcGIS Velocity has new features like feed times that let users receive sensor inputs, real-time analytic items like processing and trigger alerts, and big data analytic items like historical observations. 

An application based on chapter 6 I would create is to find a map of OWU and create a layer with different events happening around campus for the week of November 13th – 17th. I would create a changing map to see how many students go to these events. Using spatiotemporal data I will collect this by using observational sensors. The duration of time will be stored in two fields for the start time of the event and the ending time. 

 

Chapter 3 Notes:

• ArcGIS Experience Builder provides more functions, larger variety of user interfaces, allows more flexible configuration of functions and user interface, and is customizable and extensible.
• Basics of ArcGIS Experience Builder
  • Web client for ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise 
  • Provides configurable widgets and themes
  • Creates pure HTML and JavaScript apps without coding
  • Provides framework for developers to create custom widgets and themes
• Provides many widgets that can be flexibly combined and configured to create web apps
• A web experience contain at least on page and can have multiple pages or windows
• Experience Builder provides two types of actions to widgets
  • Message actions listen to triggers and perform actions automatically
  • Data action provide Actions button that end users can click in widgets at runtime and select from list of actions to perform

Chapter 4 Notes:

• Mobile GIS is becoming the pervasive client for Web GIS
• Mobile apps can be developed in browser, native, and hybrid-based approaches
• ArcGIS provides a suite of mobile apps, including ArcGIS Survey123 and Field Maps
  • Survey123 is form centric and requires a form that can created using Survey123 Connect or web designer
  • Field maps is map centric for viewing maps, data collection, tacking, and coordination. For data collection, it requires an editable feature in a web map
• Mobile GIS is the foundation of many apps and frontiers, including location-based services, volunteered geographic information, virtual reality, and augmented reality

Creating apps based on these sections would be primarily used in the field. I am not really sure what type of app I would develop. It would have to be something involving landmarks in my surroundings so I was thinking possibly an app for hiking or camping trails to keep track of where you are by identifying landmarks on the trail to avoid getting lost or just learning in general but I assume there is something already like that out there.

Chapter 1 Notes:

• Web GIS offers an insane amount of value when it comes to the field. It offers advantages such as its global reach, large, number of users, low cost per user, better cross-platform capabilities, how easy it is to use, and how easy it is to maintain. 
• Web GIS awareness is growing more prominent in many organizations due to its benefits. These include, government organizations, businesses, science research, and even daily life in general. 
• Web GIS elements include users, groups, content items, and metadata. 
• Web GIS has five main types of content: data, layers, tools, web maps and scenes, and apps.

Chapter 2 Notes:

• Types of hosted layers to the Esri geospatial cloud: hosted feature layers, hosted web feature service layers, hosted tile layers, hosted web map tile service layers, hosted scene layers, hosted image layers, hosted map image layers.
• Smart mapping enables users to visually analyze, create, and share high quality maps easily and quickly with minimal software skills.
• Pop-up windows show geographic information and deliver geographic insight. Pop-ups are a common tool that users rely on to interact with operational layers.
• ArcGIS arcade is portable, lightweight, and secure expression language written for use in ArcGIS to style, label, and add values to layer pop-ups.
• ArcGIS Living Atla content categories: basemaps, imagery, boundaries, people, infrastructure, environment

In an I application I would create would be comparing the food security or lack there of in different counties in Ohio. As an HHK major I study our food system and how we can improve it. By gathering data of food security and hunger through out counties and towns we can look at it through a compare A to B type of smart mapping to see trending in towns and counties and figure out why this is happening.

Hello everyone, my name is Evan Rose. I am a very late addition to this class and will be catching up as I go so that’s why you have never seen my posts before and the reason why I am at week 1. I am a Health and Human Kinetics General major and I have never used this program before as I was not in GEOG 291 last module. 

 

Spend a few minutes poking around your account, including the icon in the upper-right corner, which takes you to your profile. Add your basic information to My Profile. Also, look at My Settings, My ESRI, Training, Community and Forums, ArcGIS Blog, and Help. Jot down two comments about what you find (for the blog entry for this Lab).

• I did not find anything interesting in the MyProfile, MySettings, or MyESRI. Just normal basic and boring things on those pages.
• I found the Training, Community and Forums, and ArcGIS Blog interesting as there is so much to do on this program and this is reflected on the myriad amount of training, forum posts, and blog posts on these pages.

Use some ESRI resources to learn a bit about ArcGIS Online. Complete a read-through of Get Started: What Is ArcGIS Online. This should take about 30 minutes. Read through the different sections of this web page (stacked along the left of the page) and jot down two comments about what you find (for the blog entry for this Lab).

• ArcGIS is a very vast program that lets the user explore and visualize 2D and 3D data. This comes in the form of maps, scenes, apps, and notebooks. Through this users can share and even collaborate with others based on their own work and research.
• I find it very interesting that when creating an app on ArcGIS it can either be hosted by ArcGIS, reside on your organization’s servers, or even use a third party resource such as Amazon to publish the application. 

Web Course: ArcGIS Online Basics

• Web apps allow users how to interact with web maps and scenes. They provide a more focused experience with more potential for context and utility. Users can create these apps even if they have no programming experience which is good because I don’t!
• Through these maps and apps, you can view very nuanced spatial concepts from certain landscapes and can either view and collect data privately or share with others.

Use Google and Google Scholar to look into a few GIS application areas: search for “ArcOnline” and different keywords, based on your personal interest: cat telemetry, queer online mapping, blind dung beetles, antifa, cop killings, stamp collectors, crowdsourcing, etc.). Include, in the blog posting, information on two applications with at least one map or image and a source or two.

• One thing I like to study and look into is food security or lack there of around the United States. When looking for ArcOnline applications involving this I found that it was used to map out areas of food insecurity and different landmarks that could lead to this.

https://link-springer-com.owu.idm.oclc.org/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-03273-9_8

• Another thing I looked at was the rates of obesity. ArcGIS was used in a study to mark hot spots and areas that are at risk for childhood obesity in Portugal. From this data they are able to come up with ways to combat this risk and increase the health of others in these areas. 

https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/49/3/934/5585655