Month: November 2023

Chapter 7:

Two types of visual effects:

• Photorealistic: Aims to re-create reality using photos to texture features.
These types of scenes often use imagery as the texture and are extremely
well suited for showing visible objects, such as a city.
• Cartographic: Takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and moves them
into 3D. These types of scenes often use attribute-driven symbols (extrusion
height, size, color, and transparency) to display physical, abstract, or
invisible features such as population density, earthquake magnitudes, flight
paths, zoning laws, solar impact, and air corridor risks.

Four Types of Elements:

• Surfaces: Surfaces are continuous measurements, typically elevation,
with one value for a given x,y location. Surfaces provide the foundation for
draping other content.

• Features: Live on, above, or below the surfaces. They can be 2D layers
or 3D scene layers. These features are the operational layers of your 3D
app.
• Textures: Provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features. Textures
often use aerial imagery or cartographic symbols.
• Atmospheric effects: Examples include lighting and fog.

VR: VR is a computer technology that uses headsets or multi-projected environments to
generate 3D views, sounds, and other sensations that simulate a user’s physical
presence in a virtual or imaginary environment.

X(extended)R(reality): XR refers to all real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine
interactions, generated by computer technology and wearables, where the X
represents a variable for any current or future spatial computing technologies. (Includes AR)

Chapter 7: 3D Web Scene

The basics:

Scenes can be grouped into two main types

Photorealistic: Aims to re-create reality using photos to texture features. These types of scenes often use imagery as the texture and are extremely well suited for showing visible objects, such as a city.
Cartographic: Takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and moves them into 3D. These types of scenes often use attribute-driven symbols (extrusion height, size, color, and transparency) to display physical, abstract, or invisible features such as population density, earthquake magnitudes, flight paths, zoning laws, solar impact, and air corridor risks.

Main elements in scenes

Surfaces: Surfaces are continuous measurements, typically elevation, with one value for a given x,y location. Surfaces provide the foundation for draping other content. Surfaces are often referred to as a digital elevation model (DEM), digital terrain model (DTM), or digital surface model (DSM).
Features: Live on, above, or below the surfaces. They can be 2D layers or 3D scene layers. These features are operational layers of your 3D app.
Textures: Provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features. Textures often use aerial imageries or cartographic symbols.
Atmospheric effects: Examples include lighting and fog.

Web scenes and web scene layers

3D object scene layers: These layers can be used to represent and visualize 3D objects, such as textured or untextured buildings. 3D object scene layers can be created manually or automatically using procedural rules.

Building scene layers: Building scene layers allow you to visualize complex digital models of buildings and interact with all the components of the building. With building scene layers, you can explore a building’s composition, properties, and locations of structures in a building digital model.

• Overview: Optional layer that allows you to view the 3D building as a single layer. The overview can be created from the exterior shell defined in the building layer.
• Discipline: Combines category layers into the various work disciplines of a building, such as architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, or electrical.
• Category layer: Represents individual categories, such as windows or walls, organized in disciplines. Category layers are 3D object scene layers. You can change the symbology or change other properties of the layer.
• Filter: Allows you to view details in complex buildings. With a filter, you can choose to show only elements with specific attributes as solid or show others in wire frame mode.

This particular section seems like a lot of fun. the first thing that comes to mind when considering how I would use it is creating a plot of property that I hope to one day achieve at some point in my life, we’ll see though. I really like the idea of having space for a home, a few animals, a pond and a small community space where individuals could sell locally made goods, as well as an outdoor education space for kids. I would like to just lay this out and play around with what this could look like structurally.

 Chapter 7 –

Basics of 3D GIS- 

In ArcGIS web maps are referred to as web scenes or 3D scenes. GIS is a critical component for research frontiers and hot spots including digital cities, geodesign, indoor mapping, AEC, VR, AR, and the metaverse. I think this is all really cool because this is becoming our future very quickly. 

A web map can have many layers. 

Photorealistic: Aims to recreate reality using photos to texture features. These types of scenes often use imagery as the texture and are extremely well suited for showing visible objects such as a city. 

Cartographic: Takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and moves them into 3D. These types of scenes often use attribute-driven symbols to display physical, abstract, or invisible features such as population density 

Main elements in scenes: 

Surfaces: Surfaces are continuous measurements, typically elevation with one value for a given x,y, location. 

Feature: Live on, above, or below the surfaces. They can be 2D layers or 3D scene layers. 

Textures: Provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features. 

Atmospheric effects: Examples include lighting and fog. 

 

Other key definitions: 

 

Building scene layers: Building scene layers allow you to visualize complex digital models of buildings and interact with all the components of the building. 

Overviews: Optional layer that allows you to view the 3D building as a single layer. 

Discipline: Combines category layers into the various work disciplines of a building, such as architectural. 

Category layer: Represents individual categories such as windows or walls. 

Filter: Allows you to view details in complex buildings. 

3D across ArcGIS- ArcGIS provides a suite of 3D products to support the creation, visualization, analysis, and sharing of 3D scenes. 

ArcGIS Pro: A desktop app that provides comprehensive tools for managing 2D and 3D data and authoring and sharing 2D maps or 3D scenes. 

ArcGIS CityEngine: A desktop app that provides advanced 3D creation capabilities. 

ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise: Web GIS platforms that can host scene layers for online and on-premises 3D web GIS apps, offer scene viewer.

For this, I would create a web scene using 3D objects and symbols. This could help with the distribution of students who are in a certain school district. Some of the school districts are really big and others are really small. Creating a web scene would allow me to plan the school districts differently and see how it would look in a realistic setting. You can even add trees and walls.  

Chp. 6

Time is an important dimension of GIS Data. You can imagine how time is important to GIS data including showing change throughout a certain time period or just when and where an activity was observed. That’s all time. There’s four keywords to this. 

Moving: cars, ambulances, airplane feeds

Discrete: criminal incidents. Earthquakes, instagram feeds. 

Stationary: wind speed, highway and street traffic speed

Change: flooded areas, land use and land cover changes 

In spatiotemporal GIS data, the time of an event can be duration or a point in time:

Point in time: The moment a lightning strike occurs

Duration in time: When a wildfire starts and ends. 

Key terms:

Time measurement in other words: Time can be expressed in many units such as in years, months, days, etc. 

Time reference systems(time zones): The most often used time zones are GMT and UTC. Both reference the prime meridian. 

Time representations: Time can be represented in different formats and languages 12/18/2020 or write it out. 

Temporal resolution: refers to the time interval at which events are sampled. 

IoT: The network of physical objects, or things embedded with sensor and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. This can be in airplanes, heart monitors, taxis, and more. 

Enterprise IoT applications: Include smart cities, infrastructure management, environment quality monitoring, small retail-inventory management, and precise agriculture. 

Consumer IoT: include connected cars, connected health and smart homes. 

ArcGIS Analytics for IoT and GeoEvent Server share similar components. 

Ingest: This component interacts with various data sources. IT provides ways to communicate with IoT platforms, sensor networks, and more 

Process: This component processes the real-time data received and translated by the ingestion component. 

Outputs: The output component sends processed data to a variety of destinations. For example, sending alerts via email or SMS. 

Other key definitions

Feed items: Allows users to received sensor inputs

Real-time analytic items: Allows users to perform real-item processing of those inputs including triggering alerts and actions. 

Big data analytic items: Allow users to access and analyze big data repositories of historical observations.

Poll: the traditional approach in which a client periodically polls the server to retrieve the latest data. 

Push: a new way to serve data in near real time using the HTML5 WebSocket protocol. 

For this, I would make a dashboard app based on the voting precincts in Delaware County. We know that voting is becoming more and more important each election so making a dashboard based on this could be ideal. The app would just be taking the users location and showing them all the precincts in the area and what time they close. It would also point and give them directions to the closest precinct according to their app’s location. 

 

Chapter 7 Comments, Notes, Questions

1. The basic form of 3D GIS is 3D web scenes and scenes (these can have multiple layers)
   1. Layers: feature layers, map image layers, raster/vector tile layers, scene layers
   2. There are two types of scenes: (1) Photorealistic (recreates reality using photos to texture features) and (2) Cartographic (takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and applies them to 3D mapping)
   3. Displays: (1) Local (on a planar surface) and (2) Global (spherical surface)
2. Main elements in scenes
   1. Surfaces: continuous measurements with x and y values for location
      1. DTM (digital terrain model), DEM (digital elevation model), and DSM (digital surface model)
   2. Features: live on, above, or below surfaces (operational layers)
   3. Textures: exterior or covers of your 3D feature
   4. Atmospheric Effects: for example, lighting or fog
3. Web Scenes and Web Scene Layers
   1. 3D Object Scene Layers – represent and visualize 3D objects (can be created manually or automatically – procedural modeling)
   2. Building Scene Layers – visualize complex digital models of buildings and interact with their elements
      1. Structure: Overview, Discipline, Category, and Filter
   3. Integrated Mesh Scene Layers: turn raw drone imagery into valuable information and layers
   4. Point Cloud Scene Layers: display large volumes of symbolized point cloud data (usually collected from lidar or generated from Drone2Map)
   5. Point Scene Layers: display large amounts of point data not possible within a point feature layer
   6. Voxel Scene Layers: for multidimensional space and temporal data
4. VR, XR, and the Metaverse
   1. VR: available through ArcGIS 360 VR and 3VR
   2. XR: real and virtual combined elements (inc. AR and MR)
   3. Metaverse: a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social connections (includes real metaverses for working)
5. Indoor 3D GIS
   1. Challenges: GPS doesn’t work well indoors, and space is often in complex 3D formats
   2. ArcIndoor components: ArcGIS Indoors for ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Indoors Viewer, Indoor Space Planner, ArcGIS Indoors for iOS and Andriod
6. ArcGIS Urban
   1. Applies GIS technology to urban planning
   2. Main content types: plans, projects, indicators, and ideas
7. ArcGIS GeoBIM
   1. ETL: requires ongoing maintenance, which is costly and difficult to scale
   2. BIM as 3D graphics: good quality visualizations, but eliminates BIM attribution, metadata, and georeferencing info
   3. ArcGIS GeoBIM: bridges the gap between GIS and BIM
      1. Provides organization and simple, streamlined communication between the 2.

Chapter 7 Application: For this application, I think I would like to make my own Fun Park. My favorite park from back home has walking trails, a lake, a marina, a library, a wildlife center, and lots of playgrounds, benches, and tables so, I think it would be fun to visualize it since there are so many different attributes and symbols I could customize. I’m also pretty sure they have a public GIS hub where I could get some type of point layer or map of the features to get me started, so I think it’s doable!

• 3D web maps are called web scenes or 3D scenes in ArcGIS. It brings an extra dimension to 2D maps, and so it provides advantages in data visualization, analysis, and communication. It allows audiences to quickly understand the size and relative position of objects. It also enables designers to build flexible scenarios quickly and effectively while avoiding costly mistakes. 
• Just as web map can have many layers, a web scene can also have multiple layers. These include feature layers, map image layers, image layers, raster tile layers, vector tile layers, and scene layers. Based on visual effects scenes can be grouped into two main types: photorealistic and cartographic. 
• Photorealistic layers aims to recreate reality using photos to texture features. These types of scenes are good for demonstrating visible objects like a city. 
• Cartographic layers takes 2D thematic mapping techniques and moves them into 3D. These layers are good for attribute driven symbols such as height, color, transparency, etc. or for invisible features such as population density, flight paths, solar impact, etc. 
• The main elements in scenes: 1.) surfaces- continuous measurements with one value for a given x,y location. They are often referred to as a digital elevation model (DEM), digital terrain model (DTM), or digital surface model (DSM). 2.) features- live on, above, or below the surfaces. They can be 2D or 3D and they are operational layers. 3.) textures- provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features. Textures often use aerial imageries or cartographic symbols. 4.) atmospheric effects- examples include lighting and fog
• 3D object scene layers- used to represent and visualize 3D objects, such as textured or untextured buildings. Can be created manually or automatically. 
• Building scene layers- allow you to visualize complex digital methods of buildings and interact with all components of the building. You can explore a building’s composition, properties, and locations of structures in a building’s digital model. A 3D building scene layer has the following structure: 1.) overview- optional layer that allows you to view the 3D building as a singular layer. 2.) discipline- combines category layers into various work disciplines of the building such as architectural, structural, mechanical, etc. 3.) category layer- represents individual categories such as windows or walls organized in disciplines. They are 3D object scene layers. 4.) filter- allows you to view details in complex buildings. 5.) integrated mesh scene layers- constructed from large sets of overlapping imagery. It will turn raw, still imagery into valuable information products. It can identify matching points on different images and stitch the images together based on these points. 6.) point cloud scene layers- provide a fast display of large volumes of symbolized point and cloud data. 7.) point scene layers- used to display large amounts of point data not possible with a point feature layer. This ensures fast visualization for clients. These layers are automatically thinned to improve performance and visibility at smaller scales. As you zoom in, additional features are displayed. 8.) voxel scene layers- represents multidimensional spatial and temporal information in a 3D volumetric visualization. You can visualize atmospheric or oceanic data or space -time cubes as voxel layers. 
• ArcGis Pro- a desktop app that provides comprehensive tools for managing 2D and 3D data, and authoring and sharing 2D maps and 3D scenes 
• ArcGIS CityEngine- a desktop app that provides advanced 3D creation capabilities.
• ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise- Web GIS platforms that can host scene layers for online and on-premises 3D web GIS apps, offer Scene Viewer for creating and viewing web scenes, manage the access to web scenes and related layers, and provide ArcGIS Experience Builder and other ready to use apps.
• VR- a computer technology that uses headsets or multiprojected environments to generate 3D views, sounds, and other sensations that stimulate a user’s physical presence in a visual or imaginary environment. VR can immerse users and scenes generated from GIS data. ArcGIS 360 VR is a web app that allows you to view 360 VR experiences on desktop PCs, mobile devices, and VR headsets.
• XR- refers to all real and virtual combined environments and human machine interactions, generated by computer technology and wearables. It includes AR,VR, and MR. MR is the merging of real world and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualizations, where physical and digital objects coexist and interact in real time. 
• Metaverse- a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social connection.. GIS can produce 3D scenes of the world’s terrain, digital cities, airports, office buildings, etc. 
• ArcGIS Indoors and ArcGIS Pro- allow you to create and manage data and share maps and services to support other apps. It guides GIS professionals through the process of creating the indoors geodatabase. 
• ArcGIS Indoors Viewer- allows you to find a location or resource within a building or a site that includes several buildings. 
• Indoor Space Planner- A browser- based app that allows you to plan occupant activity in indoor spaces. Including assigning individuals to specific locations or activity based work.
• ArcGIS Indoors for iOS and Android- allow you to view indoor maps and interact with them by exploring, searching, saving, sharing, getting directions, etc. 
• I could create a web scene to see the student population of all the universities in Ohio. Prospective university students could use this to get a visual representation of how many students they would be surrounded by in deciding the size of school they would like to go to. To do this, I would add the state of Ohio as the first layer, and then continue layering with all of the universities in Ohio with their student body population as the main attribute to visualize. The schools with higher populations will appear higher elevated than smaller schools. The schools would also appear to be located in the relative area of the actual school on the Ohio map.

Rose Week 5:

• 3D Web Scenes
  • More intuitive to interpret than 2D maps
  • Enables fasters communication
  • More interesting and engaging
  • Important for design, simulation, many industries
  • A critical component of VR and AR
• Visual effects
  • Photorealistic(real world)
  • Cartographic(representative)
• Viewing modes
  • Global
    • Global Coordinate System(WGS84): can display above the ground features, can be enable to display under the ground features
  • Local
    • Projected Coordinate systems: Can display above and under the ground feature
• 3D view: four main elements
  • Surfaces: provide ground elevation
  • Features: situated one, above, or below the surfaces
  • Textures: provide exterior or interior covers of your 3D features
  • Atmospheric effects
• Web scenes
  • Equivalent to web maps in 2D
  • Essential for 3D apps ArcGIS platform
  • Collection of layers, environment settings and slides
• Scenes services/layers
  • Scalable cache of graphics, styles, and attributes
• I3S(indexed 3d scene)
  • Open specification for scene layer 
• Layers in web scenes 
• 2D layers
  • Feature layers: can display in 3D symbols
  • Map image layers, vector tile layers, raster tile layers, image layers
• Scene service/layers
  • Can hold large volumes of features in an open format(i3s0 that is suitable for webs streaming
  • Leads features progressively, starting from coarse representations and refines them to higher detail as necessary for close-up views
• Web scene layers
  • 3D object scene layers, building scene layers, integrated mesh scene layers, point cloud scene layer, point scene layers, voxel scene layer
• Virtual reality(VR)
  • Uses headsets or multi-projected environments to generate 3D views, sounds, and other sensation that simulate a users physical presence in virtual or imaginary environment
  • Users are immersed “inside” the maps, and can “look” and “move” around the artificial world and even interact with virtual features or items
• XR
  • Refers to all real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions, generated by computer technology and wearables, where the X represents a variable for any current or future spatial technologies. Includes AR, VR, and MR
  • MR is merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualizations, where physical and digital objects coexist and interact in real time. AR takes place in the physical world, with information or objects added virtually, like an overlay
  • VR immerses you in a fully virtual world without the intervention of the physical world
  • MR does not exclusively take place in either the physical world or virtual, but rather a hybrid of AR and VR
• Metaverse
  • A network of #D virtual worlds focused on social connection
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the interest in developing metaverses
  • GIS professionals can play important role in building metaverses
• ArcGIS GeoBIM
  • Bridges gap between GIS and BIM using a web-to-web client integration approach by connecting ArcGIS with Autodesk Construction and BIM 360
  • Provides a solution for exploring BIM, engineering documents, and project management issues in a geographic context

An app that I would create applying this type of knowledge would be possible layouts and structures to a dorm room based on the furniture that is provided in order to find the best setup to fit your needs without constantly rearranging it by hand. 

Rose week 4:

Chapter 6:

• Spatiotemporal data and real0time GIS basics: Handles current and continuous data
  • Dynamic: something that moves
  • Discrete: something that “just happens”
  • Stationary: stands still but values change
  • Change: change or growth
• Sensory networks
  • Spatially distributed autonomous sensor that can cooperatively pass data through network, often wirelessly, for live data access and analysis
• Internet of things(IoT)
  • Network of physical objects or “things” embedded with sensors and network connectivity, which enable these objects or “things” to collect and exchange data
• IoT applications
  • Enterprise applications: smart cities, infrastructure management, environment quality monitoring, smart retail-inventory management, and precision agriculture
  • Consumer applications: connected cars, connected health, and smart homes
• ArcGIS Velocity
  • Information and data come in from feeds then is processed in real time. The filtered and analyzed data is then put into various outputs like ArcGIS Dashboards, Insights, Web AppBuilder, and other apps, or just even to actuate devices
• ArcGIS Dashboards
  • Allows users to convey information by presenting location-based analytics using intuitive and interactive data visualizations on a single screen
  • Ready to use data visualizations and other tools to interact with data
• ArcGIS Mission
  • Real-time geospatial communications and situational awareness product that provides users with picture of operating environments and helps coordination of movement and communication
  • Three components: mission manager, mission responder, mission server
• An idea I had for this section would be using a Dashboard to put in and show data of food insecurity and malnutrition. However, I think this would be difficult as there aren’t set cases to something like food insecurity and is difficult to quantify and show in this format. 

Chapter 7 was about building a 3D web scene.

Using Scan Viewer we are making architecture, construction and urban planning easier to visualize. 

Photorealistic – recreating reality using photos they use photos for these scenes because they are very good at showing texture and objects like a city.

Cartographic – makes a 2D thematic mapping into 3D. Using attribute symbols to show physical, abstract, or invisible features like population density, flight paths, solar impact, and zoning laws. 

They main elements in scenes:

• Surfaces are continuous measurements of elevation with only one value for a location. Often referred to as digital models  DEM(elevation), DTM(terrain), DSM(surface). 
• Features can be 2D or 3D and are live on, above, or below surfaces. Operational layers of 3D maps.
• Textures are the exterior or interior 3D features. They use aerial imagery or cartographic symbols. 
• Atmospheric effects are like fog and lightning. 

Reading notes:

 

• Introduction to 3D mapping within GIS through web scenes, emphasizing the importance of scene layers like photorealistic and cartographic types.
  • In-depth exploration of various scene layers such as 3D object scene layers, building scene layers, integrated mesh scene layers, point cloud scene layers, point scene layers, and voxel scene layers.
• Broader applications of 3D GIS are explored, spanning urban planning, architecture, engineering, construction (AEC), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), extended reality (XR), and the emerging metaverse concept.
• Significance of indoor 3D GIS highlighted, with ArcGIS Indoors serving as a solution for smart building management, providing wayfinding for people, assets, and specific rooms.

 

In my application, I would use spatial analysis to identify economic disparities across different regions within a state based on its gdp data. Using techniques such as integrated mesh scenes to pinpoint areas with economic growth or those with economic challenges.