{"id":139,"date":"2012-11-05T11:39:20","date_gmt":"2012-11-05T15:39:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/?page_id=139"},"modified":"2016-12-01T08:50:41","modified_gmt":"2016-12-01T13:50:41","slug":"carbon-reactions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/teaching\/cell-bio\/carbon-reactions\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbon Reactions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:en--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"links\">Links<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/principles\/ebooks\/introduction-to-cell-biology-4570805\/4569882\/2\">Principles Module 30\u20132<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"objectives\">Objectives<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss how energy from the light reactions is used to form C-C bonds<\/li>\n<li>Describe the three major steps of the carbon reactions, including the inputs and outputs of each<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"keypoints\">Key points<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon fixation involves the incorporation of atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub> into stable carbohydrate molecules through the investment of energy<\/li>\n<li>The carbon reactions are made up of 3 major steps\n<ul>\n<li>Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO, the most abundant enzyme on earth\n<ul>\n<li>combines 1 CO<sub>2<\/sub> with a 5-carbon substrate<\/li>\n<li>the resulting 6-carbon product is highly unstable, splits into 2 molecules of the 3-carbon molecule, phosphoglycerate (PGA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Reduction is a 2-step process in which much of the energy of the light reactions is invested\n<ul>\n<li>PGA is phosphorylated (using ATP) and reduced (using NADPH)<\/li>\n<li>the resulting 3-carbon molecule is the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Regeneration is a multi-step pathway leading to the re-formation of the initial 5-carbon substrate, making this a metabolic cycle\n<ul>\n<li>G3P is used along with the remainder of the ATP from the light reactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"questionsforpractice\">Questions for Practice<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>What is the main product of the carbon reactions? What is it used to make?<\/li>\n<li>The carbon reactions form a metabolic cycle \u2013 what does this mean?<\/li>\n<li>How is the energy from light transferred to carbon to form carbohydrates? Be specific.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Links Principles Module 30\u20132 Objectives Discuss how energy from the light reactions is used to form C-C bonds Describe the three major steps of the carbon reactions, including the inputs and outputs of each Key points Carbon fixation involves the incorporation of atmospheric CO2 into stable carbohydrate molecules through the investment of energy The carbon [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":0,"parent":447,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-139","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=139"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":491,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139\/revisions\/491"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}