{"id":127,"date":"2012-11-05T11:37:28","date_gmt":"2012-11-05T15:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/?page_id=127"},"modified":"2016-12-01T08:50:41","modified_gmt":"2016-12-01T13:50:41","slug":"cellular-respiration","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/teaching\/cell-bio\/cellular-respiration\/","title":{"rendered":"Cellular Respiration"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:en--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"links\">Links<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/principles\/ebooks\/introduction-to-cell-biology-4570805\/4569846\">Principles Module 24<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/principles\/ebooks\/introduction-to-cell-biology-4570805\/4569851\">Principles Module 25<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"objectives\">Objectives<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the 4 major steps that release energy from glucose in the cell<\/li>\n<li>Explain the qualities that make ATP an efficient energy-storing molecule<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"keypoints\">Key points<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Cellular respiration is the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy\n<ul>\n<li>energy is stored in C-C, C-O, and C-H bonds<\/li>\n<li>oxidation reactions remove electrons and H+ at same time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Overall picture of respiration\n<ul>\n<li>glucose is oxidized to CO<sub>2<\/sub> and the potential energy is captured by the cell<\/li>\n<li>as glucose is oxidized, the electrons are used to reduce an electron carrier, NAD+, to NADH<\/li>\n<li>NADH is oxidized by an electron transport chain, resulting in a H+ gradient<\/li>\n<li>The H+ gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>ATP as cellular energy\n<ul>\n<li>stores energy in the 2 terminal phosphate bonds<\/li>\n<li>phosphate groups are strongly negative, repel each other<\/li>\n<li>requires energy to force them together, gives off energy (\u20137.3 kcal\/mol) when hydrolyzed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Four major steps in 2 compartments\n<ul>\n<li>In the cytoplasm\n<ul>\n<li>Glycolysis\n<ul>\n<li>consists of 10 steps<\/li>\n<li>yields 4 ATP per glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation<\/li>\n<li>yields 2 NADH<\/li>\n<li>produces 2 pyruvate molecules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>In the mitochondria\n<ul>\n<li>Pyruvate oxidation\n<ul>\n<li>releases CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>yields 2 NADH<\/li>\n<li>produces acetyl-CoA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Krebs Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)\n<ul>\n<li>acetyl-CoA is fully oxidized to CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>an example of a metabolic cycle, in which the initial substrate is regenerated by the pathway itself<\/li>\n<li>yields ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation<\/li>\n<li>yields NADH and FADH2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis\n<ul>\n<li>NADH and FADH2 donate electrons<\/li>\n<li>flow of electrons through carrier chain results in the formation of a proton gradient<\/li>\n<li>electrons are used to reduce O<sub>2<\/sub> to H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/li>\n<li>the proton gradient across the inner membrane drives ATP synthesis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"in-classactivities\">In-class activities<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Draw a cell and diagram the process of cellular respiration, including the inputs and outputs discussed above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"questionsforpractice\">Questions for Practice<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>List the 4 main steps of cellular respiration and briefly describe each one.<\/li>\n<li>Considering cellular respiration as a whole, what is oxidized, and what is reduced?<\/li>\n<li>Considering each step of respiration separately, state the effect of a lack of oxygen on each step.<\/li>\n<li>Why is ATP a high-energy molecule in the cell? What makes this the case?<\/li>\n<li>What is the link between glucose oxidation and ATP synthesis?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Links Principles Module 24 Principles Module 25 Objectives Describe the 4 major steps that release energy from glucose in the cell Explain the qualities that make ATP an efficient energy-storing molecule Key points Cellular respiration is the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy energy is stored in C-C, C-O, and C-H bonds oxidation reactions [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":0,"parent":447,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-127","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=127"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":497,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127\/revisions\/497"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/wolverton\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}