{"id":2541,"date":"2024-02-21T18:44:10","date_gmt":"2024-02-21T23:44:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/?p=2541"},"modified":"2024-02-21T18:44:10","modified_gmt":"2024-02-21T23:44:10","slug":"andisman-week-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/2024\/02\/21\/andisman-week-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Andisman, Week 5"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Chapter 4: File Geodatabases<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.1 + 4.2<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">File geodatabase: Esri\u2019s simplified database for storing geospatial data, including features, classes, and raster datasets for single users for small groups<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In ArcGIS, data management and processing in a file geodatabase is done through the Catalog pane -&gt; tools -&gt; user interface<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They have no practical limits for numbers and sizes of feature classes or raster datasets stored in them, and are optimized for data processing and storage in Arc. They also allow data tables to be related and joined\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Note: Attribute, Field, Variable, and Column are interchangeable names for the columns of data tables<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Note: Record, Row, and Observation are interchangeable names for the rows in a data table<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shapefile: A spatial data format for a single point, line or polygon layer.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Connect a data folder through the catalog pane -&gt; folders -&gt; right click -&gt; add folder connection<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shapefiles need to be converted to a feature class and stored in a geodatabase because it doesn\u2019t support advanced capabilities. Do so with the export features tool in the geoprocessing group in the analysis tab<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deleting tables\/feature classes from a file geodatabase is permanent, but removing a layer from the Contents pane removes it only from the map and leaves the feature class in a file geodatabase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fields in a data table in gray font are essential and cannot be modified<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Joining tables requires each table to have an attribute with matching values stored with the same data type<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.2 Note: A bug in 4.2 with \u2018Tracts\u2019 I think? Something weird going on here, got through as far as I could, but data was not showing up and it would not let me get past running the calculation of the sum of fields for PopYouth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.3<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attribute queries are based on SQL<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A simple criterion has the following form:\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">attribute\u00a0 name &lt;logical operator&gt; attribute value<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The attribute name can be any column heading or field name in the attribute table, and several logical operators are \u201c =, &gt;, &lt;, =&gt;, =&lt;\u201d. The attribute table specifies what you\u2019re looking for. For example: the following simple criterion selects all cries that are robberies where robbery is a value of the crime attribute:\u00a0 \u00a0 Crime = \u2018Robbery\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Numeric fields do not need quotation marks like text does<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OR and AND can also be used to select and specify criteria<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The use of parentheses, like in algebraic expressions, is essential because logical expressions are run one pair at a time for simple expressions, generally working from right to left, but with certain logical operators going first, such as AND being run before OR. This can result in incorrect information unless you use parentheses to control the run order<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crime analysis use three kinds of attribute queries: \u2018What and when\u201d, specific <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">when<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> such as time of day, and specific <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">who <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">what <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Queries for event locations, such as crimes, almost always use date-range criteria<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u2018qry\u2019 prefix is the standard prefix for database inquiries<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.4<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Spatial join tool was easy \ud83d\ude42<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.5<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The centroid pf a polygon is the arithmetic mean of all points within the polygon. If you want all center points to lie within their polygons, the remedy in ArcGIS is to use central points instead of centroids<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4.6<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sometimes a data table has a field name that uses a code that, by itself, isn\u2019t easily understood. Therefore, you need a code table with all the codes in one field, along with their descriptions in the second field. This join is called a one-to-many<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Use the Create Table tool <\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2544\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-300x224.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-1024x766.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-768x574.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-1536x1149.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-2048x1532.png 2048w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4-829x622.png 829w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2545\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4.2-300x254.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4.2-300x254.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4.2-1024x866.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4.2-768x650.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4.2-1536x1299.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/4.2-2048x1732.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Chapter 5 Spatial Data<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.1\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geographic coordinate systems use latitude and longitude coordinates gor locations on the surface of the earth, whereas projected coordinate systems use a mathematical transformation from an ellipsoid or a sphere to a flat surface and a two dimensional coordinate<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geographic coordinates are angles calculated from the intersection of the prime meridian and the equator.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Longitude measures east &#8211; west and ranges from 0 to 180 degrees, latitude measures north and south and ranges from 0 to 90 degrees<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The network of lines on the map os called a graticule and has 30 degree intervals east &#8211; west and north &#8211; south<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Robinson World projection is the most accurate at the mod latitudes in the N and S hemispheres where most people live, and minimizes distortions\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.2<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When working with projections, you can either get accurate shapes\/angles or accurate areas, but not both at the same time<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As a rule, use projections that give an accurate area (even if it causes some distortion in shape or direction), such as the Albers Equal Area or the Cylindrical Equal Area projection. Albers is the standard for the US Geological Survey and the US Census Bureau<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.3<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For medium and large scale maps, use localized projection coordinate systems tuned for the study data, that have little\/minimal distortion<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This tutorial set the projected coordinate system (state plane) for a local map by adding the first layer to the map and specified the display units<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first step to using the State Plane coordinate system is to look up the correct zone for your area and the specific projected coordinate system tailored to your study area<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can set the default coordinate system using the Choose Spatial Reference option, regardless of what layers you add to it<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.4<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A shapefile consists of at least three files with the following extensions: .shp, .dbf, or .shx<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shp file stores the geometry of features, dbf file stores the attribute table, and shx file stores an inde of the spatial geometry<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">X = longitude; Y = latitude<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">KML file is the file format used to display geographic data in many mapping applications, is an international standard, and maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">KML files can be converted into a feature class by inputting the KML in the KML to Layer Tool, outputting to the data file, and then naming the\u00a0 new data file.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.5<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Discrepancy with the data we have to download from the internet compared to what is written in the book for Tutorial 5-5. Column JK written in the book for the &#8220;male transport to work via bicycles&#8221; is actually column EG or code S0801_C02_011E on the spreadsheet. Column SE in the book for &#8220;female transport to work via bicycles&#8221; is actually Column IQ on the spreadsheet.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lots of free data is available to download from the US Census Bureau website<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing shapefile (TIGER)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.6<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can download data from many government websites such as the USGS National Map Viewer\u00a0 or Data.gov, or USDA, DOC, NOAA, US Census Bureau, DOI, EPA, NASA, ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This chapter involved searching for and adding a land use raster layer from ArcGIS Atlas<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In ArcGISPro, you can add data from the atlas using Catalog Pane -&gt; Portal -&gt; Living Atlas (or the Add Data button)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rasters are large files<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you want to extract a subset of data, use the Extract by Mask tool<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2546\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5-269x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"269\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5-269x300.png 269w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5-918x1024.png 918w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5-768x857.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5-1377x1536.png 1377w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.png 1382w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 269px) 100vw, 269px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2547\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.2-300x247.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.2-300x247.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.2-1024x843.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.2-768x632.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.2-1536x1264.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/5.2-2048x1686.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Chapter 6 Geoprocessing<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.1<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geoprocessing is a framework and set of tools for processing geographic data. Generally, it must be used to build study areas in GIS and perform tasks.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This section focused on dissolving features, which retains the outer boundary lines bt removes interior lines from the block groups<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Pairwise Dissolve tool can aggregate block group attributes using statistics such as sum, mean, and count. The PwD Tool needs data as the Dissolve Field. For example \u2018Name\u2019<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.2<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This section worked through extracting and clipping features for a study region when there were more features than needed by first creating a single polygon, using the new polygon and select by location to create features of block groups in the study area only, and then use the Clip Tool<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.3<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This section merged several adjacent water features to build oe water feature as a single layer by using the Merge Geoprocessing Tool<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.4<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Append Tool adds features to an existing feature class, considering that both have the same attributes, or the same schema<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The schema is the table (field) structure. This allows you to choose the option for matching the input table\u2019s schema to the target table\u2019s schema<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.5<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Pairwise Intersect Tool creates a feature class combining all the features and attributes of two input (and overlaying) feature classes, like fire companies and streets<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Intersect Tool excluses any parts of two or more input layers that don&#8217;t overlay each other<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studying the attribute tables of each feature class familiarizes you with the attributes before you intersect features<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After intersecting features, you can go through the attribute table to create a summary with the Summary Statistics Tool<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.6<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Union Tool overlays the geometry and attributes of two input polygon layers to generate a new output polygon layer. This can be useful for things like urban planning, allowing you to calculate things like land use type<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Calculate Geometry Attributes Tool can be used for calculating value such as acreage<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.7<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tabulate Intersection Tool makes estimations by making apportionments proportional to the areas of split parts of polygons, such as block groups, and assumes that the populations of interest are uniformly distributed by an area within polygons<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2548\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6-300x259.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6-300x259.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6-1024x885.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6-768x663.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6-1536x1327.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.png 2028w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2549\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.2-232x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.2-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.2-791x1024.png 791w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.2-768x995.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.2-1186x1536.png 1186w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/6.2.png 1382w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Chapter 7: Digitizing<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.1<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This section introduced the editing process for existing facets of a GIS map, specifically, the editing of polygon features, by splitting polygons, through the addition of vertex points, and revising them to match existing features such as a building on the World Imagery Basemap.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To move a polygon, use Select and then under the tools section in the Edits tab, choose move to adjust its position<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To rotate a polygon, select it, click \u2018Move\u2019, and then in the Modify Features tab, choose Rotate<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vertex points can be added to reflect a building\u2019s true shape. Select by the same steps, but under tools, choose Edit Verticles<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polygons can also be split using the \u201csplit\u201d tool<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.2<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Point and line feature classes can be created with similar steps<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polygon features can be created and deleted<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Feature classes can be created directly from the Catalog pane and attributes can be added, but the Create Feature Class Tool could instead be used with attributes later added in the attribute table<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select and use the \u201cDelete\u201d button under the Edits tab to delete polygons<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trace Tool creates a polygon using parameters like streets as guidelines<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.3<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A useful tool to improve the aesthetic or cartography quality of polygons is the Smooth polygon Tool.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smoothing Tolerance: A shorter length will result in more detail, but will take longer to process<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.4<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Computer Aided Design (CAD) are commonly used but not geographically referenced to a coordinate system<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transforming features in GIS makes aligning CAD drawing to GIS maps easy, regardless of the coordinates and units<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CAD drawings contain color coded layers. You cannot edit CAD drawings directly, so you have to export them as a feature class by right clicking the polygon in Contents -&gt; Data -&gt; Export Features. The saved polygon will be automatically added to Contents, and the old CAD can be removed<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The result of exporting a CAD drawing are that the properties of the drawing are added as fields in the attribute table. To alter this, use the Apply Symbology From Layer Tool<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2550\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-1024x769.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-768x577.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-1536x1154.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-2048x1538.png 2048w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7-829x622.png 829w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2551\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7.2-248x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7.2-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7.2-847x1024.png 847w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7.2-768x928.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7.2-1271x1536.png 1271w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/7.2.png 1372w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Chapter 8: Geocoding<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8.1<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geocoding is a GIS process that matches location fields in tabular data to corresponding fields in existing feature classes. Examples include street addresses + zip codes, or transaction data collected by organizations.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The software uses Algorithms to identify possible incorrect entries for things like misspelled street addresses and attempts to problem solve inconsistencies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The following components are used: Source table, reference data, geocoding tool, locator<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A geocaching locator is a set of files that stores parameters and other data for the geocoding process. Use the Create Locator Tool. High parameter values allow fewer match errors, while low parameter values allow more match errors.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geocode Address Tool can be used to use geocode data by zip code<\/span><\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2552\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/88-228x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/88-228x300.png 228w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/88-780x1024.png 780w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/88-768x1009.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/88-1170x1536.png 1170w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/88.png 1334w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2553\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/8-231x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"231\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/8-231x300.png 231w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/8-789x1024.png 789w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/8-768x996.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/8-1184x1536.png 1184w, https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/208\/2024\/02\/8.png 1372w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 4: File Geodatabases 4.1 + 4.2 File geodatabase: Esri\u2019s simplified database for storing geospatial data, including features, classes, and raster datasets for single users for small groups In ArcGIS, data management and processing in a file geodatabase is done through the Catalog pane -&gt; tools -&gt; user interface They have no practical limits for numbers and sizes of feature classes or raster datasets stored in them, and are optimized for data processing and storage in Arc. They also allow data tables to be related and joined\u00a0 Note: Attribute, Field, Variable, and Column are interchangeable names for the columns of data tables Note: Record, Row, and Observation are interchangeable names for the rows in a data table Shapefile: A spatial data format for a single point, line or polygon layer.\u00a0 Connect a data folder through the catalog pane -&gt; folders -&gt; right click -&gt; add folder connection Shapefiles need to be converted to a feature class and stored in a geodatabase because it doesn\u2019t support advanced capabilities. Do so with the export features tool in the geoprocessing group in the analysis tab Deleting tables\/feature classes from a file geodatabase is permanent, but removing a layer from the Contents pane removes it only from the map and leaves the feature class in a file geodatabase Fields in a data table in gray font are essential and cannot be modified Joining tables requires each table to have an attribute with matching values stored with the same data type 4.2 Note: A bug in 4.2 with \u2018Tracts\u2019 I think? Something weird going on here, got through as far as I could, but data was not showing up and it would not let me get past running the calculation of the sum of fields for PopYouth. 4.3 Attribute queries are based on SQL A simple criterion has the following form:\u00a0 attribute\u00a0 name &lt;logical operator&gt; attribute value The attribute name can be any column heading or field name in the attribute table, and several logical operators are \u201c =, &gt;, &lt;, =&gt;, =&lt;\u201d. The attribute table specifies what you\u2019re looking for. For example: the following simple criterion selects all cries that are robberies where robbery is a value of the crime attribute:\u00a0 \u00a0 Crime = \u2018Robbery\u2019\u00a0 Numeric fields do not need quotation marks like text does OR and AND can also be used to select and specify criteria The use of parentheses, like in algebraic expressions, is essential because logical expressions are run one pair at a time for simple expressions, generally working from right to left, but with certain logical operators going first, such as AND being run before OR. This can result in incorrect information unless you use parentheses to control the run order Crime analysis use three kinds of attribute queries: \u2018What and when\u201d, specific when such as time of day, and specific who or what or how\u00a0 Queries for event locations, such as crimes, almost always use date-range criteria The \u2018qry\u2019 prefix is the standard prefix for database inquiries 4.4 Spatial join tool was easy \ud83d\ude42 4.5 The centroid pf a polygon is the arithmetic mean of all points within the polygon. If you want all center points to lie within their polygons, the remedy in ArcGIS is to use central points instead of centroids 4.6 Sometimes a data table has a field name that uses a code that, by itself, isn\u2019t easily understood. Therefore, you need a code table with all the codes in one field, along with their descriptions in the second field. This join is called a one-to-many Use the Create Table tool Chapter 5 Spatial Data 5.1\u00a0 Geographic coordinate systems use latitude and longitude coordinates gor locations on the surface of the earth, whereas projected coordinate systems use a mathematical transformation from an ellipsoid or a sphere to a flat surface and a two dimensional coordinate Geographic coordinates are angles calculated from the intersection of the prime meridian and the equator.\u00a0 Longitude measures east &#8211; west and ranges from 0 to 180 degrees, latitude measures north and south and ranges from 0 to 90 degrees The network of lines on the map os called a graticule and has 30 degree intervals east &#8211; west and north &#8211; south The Robinson World projection is the most accurate at the mod latitudes in the N and S hemispheres where most people live, and minimizes distortions\u00a0 5.2 When working with projections, you can either get accurate shapes\/angles or accurate areas, but not both at the same time As a rule, use projections that give an accurate area (even if it causes some distortion in shape or direction), such as the Albers Equal Area or the Cylindrical Equal Area projection. Albers is the standard for the US Geological Survey and the US Census Bureau 5.3 For medium and large scale maps, use localized projection coordinate systems tuned for the study data, that have little\/minimal distortion This tutorial set the projected coordinate system (state plane) for a local map by adding the first layer to the map and specified the display units The first step to using the State Plane coordinate system is to look up the correct zone for your area and the specific projected coordinate system tailored to your study area You can set the default coordinate system using the Choose Spatial Reference option, regardless of what layers you add to it 5.4 A shapefile consists of at least three files with the following extensions: .shp, .dbf, or .shx Shp file stores the geometry of features, dbf file stores the attribute table, and shx file stores an inde of the spatial geometry X = longitude; Y = latitude KML file is the file format used to display geographic data in many mapping applications, is an international standard, and maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium KML files can be converted into a feature class by inputting the KML in the KML to Layer Tool, outputting to the data file, and then naming the\u00a0 new data file. 5.5 Discrepancy with the data we have to download from the internet compared to what is written in the book for Tutorial 5-5. Column JK written in the book for the &#8220;male transport to work via bicycles&#8221; is actually column EG or code S0801_C02_011E on the spreadsheet. Column SE in the book for &#8220;female transport to work via bicycles&#8221; is actually Column IQ on the spreadsheet. Lots of free data is available to download from the US Census Bureau website Using Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing shapefile (TIGER) 5.6 You can download data from many government websites such as the USGS National Map Viewer\u00a0 or Data.gov, or USDA, DOC, NOAA, US Census Bureau, DOI, EPA, NASA, ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World This chapter involved searching for and adding a land use raster layer from ArcGIS Atlas In ArcGISPro, you can add data from the atlas using Catalog Pane -&gt; Portal -&gt; Living Atlas (or the Add Data button) Rasters are large files If you want to extract a subset of data, use the Extract by Mask tool Chapter 6 Geoprocessing 6.1 Geoprocessing is a framework and set of tools for processing geographic data. Generally, it must be used to build study areas in GIS and perform tasks.\u00a0 This section focused on dissolving features, which retains the outer boundary lines bt removes interior lines from the block groups The Pairwise Dissolve tool can aggregate block group attributes using statistics such as sum, mean, and count. The PwD Tool needs data as the Dissolve Field. For example \u2018Name\u2019 6.2 This section worked through extracting and clipping features for a study region when there were more features than needed by first creating a single polygon, using the new polygon and select by location to create features of block groups in the study area only, and then use the Clip Tool 6.3 This section merged several adjacent water features to build oe water feature as a single layer by using the Merge Geoprocessing Tool 6.4 The Append Tool adds features to an existing feature class, considering that both have the same attributes, or the same schema The schema is the table (field) structure. This allows you to choose the option for matching the input table\u2019s schema to the target table\u2019s schema 6.5 The Pairwise Intersect Tool creates a feature class combining all the features and attributes of two input (and overlaying) feature classes, like fire companies and streets The Intersect Tool excluses any parts of two or more input layers that don&#8217;t overlay each other Studying the attribute tables of each feature class familiarizes you with the attributes before you intersect features After intersecting features, you can go through the attribute table to create a summary with the Summary Statistics Tool 6.6 The Union Tool overlays the geometry and attributes of two input polygon layers to generate a new output polygon layer. This can be useful for things like urban planning, allowing you to calculate things like land use type The Calculate Geometry Attributes Tool can be used for calculating value such as acreage 6.7 The Tabulate Intersection Tool makes estimations by making apportionments proportional to the areas of split parts of polygons, such as block groups, and assumes that the populations of interest are uniformly distributed by an area within polygons Chapter 7: Digitizing 7.1 This section introduced the editing process for existing facets of a GIS map, specifically, the editing of polygon features, by splitting polygons, through the addition of vertex points, and revising them to match existing features such as a building on the World Imagery Basemap.\u00a0 To move a polygon, use Select and then under the tools section in the Edits tab, choose move to adjust its position To rotate a polygon, select it, click \u2018Move\u2019, and then in the Modify Features tab, choose Rotate Vertex points can be added to reflect a building\u2019s true shape. Select by the same steps, but under tools, choose Edit Verticles Polygons can also be split using the \u201csplit\u201d tool 7.2 Point and line feature classes can be created with similar steps Polygon features can be created and deleted Feature classes can be created directly from the Catalog pane and attributes can be added, but the Create Feature Class Tool could instead be used with attributes later added in the attribute table Select and use the \u201cDelete\u201d button under the Edits tab to delete polygons The Trace Tool creates a polygon using parameters like streets as guidelines 7.3 A useful tool to improve the aesthetic or cartography quality of polygons is the Smooth polygon Tool.\u00a0 Smoothing Tolerance: A shorter length will result in more detail, but will take longer to process 7.4 Computer Aided Design (CAD) are commonly used but not geographically referenced to a coordinate system Transforming features in GIS makes aligning CAD drawing to GIS maps easy, regardless of the coordinates and units CAD drawings contain color coded layers. You cannot edit CAD drawings directly, so you have to export them as a feature class by right clicking the polygon in Contents -&gt; Data -&gt; Export Features. The saved polygon will be automatically added to Contents, and the old CAD can be removed The result of exporting a CAD drawing are that the properties of the drawing are added as fields in the attribute table. To alter this, use the Apply Symbology From Layer Tool Chapter 8: Geocoding 8.1 Geocoding is a GIS process that matches location fields in tabular data to corresponding fields in existing feature classes. Examples include street addresses + zip codes, or transaction data collected by organizations.\u00a0 The software uses Algorithms to identify possible incorrect entries for things like misspelled street addresses and attempts to problem solve inconsistencies. The following components are used: Source table, reference data, geocoding tool, locator A geocaching locator is a set of files that stores parameters and other data for the geocoding process. Use the Create Locator Tool. High parameter values allow fewer match errors, while low parameter values allow more match errors.\u00a0 Geocode Address Tool can be used to use geocode data by zip code<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2248,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-course-student-work"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2248"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2541"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2541\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2554,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2541\/revisions\/2554"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}