{"id":197,"date":"2022-09-11T16:53:28","date_gmt":"2022-09-11T21:53:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-191\/?p=197"},"modified":"2022-10-02T08:20:18","modified_gmt":"2022-10-02T13:20:18","slug":"jocelyn-weaver-week-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/2022\/09\/11\/jocelyn-weaver-week-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Jocelyn Weaver – Week 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mitchell ch. 5: Finding What\u2019s Inside<\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Overall<\/span>: Finding what is inside can let you see activities that occur in a certain area or summarize information for several areas for comparison.<\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • \n

    To find what is inide you can draw boundary lines on top of a feature, use area boundary to select the feature inside and list or summarize them, or combine the area boundary and features to create summary<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n

    Finding what\u2019s inside a single area<\/span><\/h3>\n
      \n
    • \n

      Service area around a central facility<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    • \n

      A buffer that debines a distance around some feature<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    • \n

      An administrative or natural boundary<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    • \n

      Area you draw manually<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    • \n

      The results of a model, such as boundaries of floodplain modeled in GIS<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • \n

      Finding what\u2019s inside multiple areas<\/span><\/h3>\n
        \n
      • \n

        Contiguous – zip code\/watersheds<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        Disjunct – state parks<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        Nested – 50 year old floodplains\/area 1 or 2 miles within store<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        <\/h3>\n
          \n
        • \n

          Discrete features: identifiable features, can list or count them or summarize a numeric attribute associated with them.\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
        • \n

          Continuous features: seamless geographic phenomena, can summarize features<\/span><\/h3>\n
            \n
          • \n

            Spatially continuous categories – vegetation type\/elevation<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
          • \n

            Continuous values – temperture, elevation, precipitation<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            <\/h3>\n
              \n
            • \n

              Drawing areas and features<\/span>: good for finding out whether features are inside or outside an area\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
            • \n

              Selecting the features inside the area<\/span>: good for getting a list or summary of features inside an area\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
            • \n

              Overlaying the areas and features<\/span>: good for finding out which features are inside which areas, and summarizing how many or how much by area<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              <\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \n

                Statistical summaries include:<\/span><\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • \n

                  Count – total number of features inside area<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                • \n

                  Frequency – number of features with a given value, or within range of values, inside area, displayed as a table\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                • \n

                  Sum – overall total<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                • \n

                  Average – mean<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                • \n

                  Median – middle of range of values<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                • \n

                  Standard deviation – average amount of values are from the mean<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  <\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • \n

                    Vector or a raster method to overlay areas with continuous categories or classes<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                  • \n

                    Vector – GIS splits category or class noundaires where they cross areas and creates a new dataset with the areas that result, then use data table for new layer to summarize the amont of each category in area<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                  • \n

                    Raster – GIS compares each cell on the area layer to the corresponding cell of the layer containing the categories<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    <\/h3>\n

                    Mitchell ch. 6: Finding What\u2019s Nearby<\/span><\/h3>\n

                    <\/h3>\n

                    Overall<\/span>: Finding what is near lets you see what is within a set distance or tavel range of\u00a0 a feature. Can monitor events in an area or find an area served by a facility or the features affected by an activity<\/span><\/h3>\n

                    <\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • \n

                      Travel range is measured using distance, time, or cost.\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                    • \n

                      To find whats near you can measure straight-line distance, measure cost\/distance over a network, or measure cost over a surface<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                    • \n

                      Can calculate distance assuming the earth is flat (planar method) or curved (geodesic method)<\/span><\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      • \n

                        Planar – good when area of interest is small like city, county, state<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n

                        Geodesic – good for large areas such as large region, continent, or whole Earth<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        <\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        • \n

                          Once you have identified which feature are near source you can get a list of the features, a count, or a summary statistic\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          • \n

                            Summary statistics can be: a total number, an amount by category, a statistical summary (mean, maximum, minimum, or standard deviation)<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            <\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            • \n

                              If you are specifying more than one range you can create either inclusive rings or distinct bands<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              • \n

                                Inclusive rings are useful for finding out how the total amount increase as the distance increases<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                              • \n

                                Distinct bands are useful if you want to compare distance to other characteristics<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                <\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                • \n

                                  Ways of finding what is nearby<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  • \n

                                    Single-line distance<\/span>: defining an area of influence around a feature, and creating a boundary or selecting features within the distance<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                  • \n

                                    Distance or cost over a network<\/span>: measuring travel over a fixed infrastructure<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                  • \n

                                    Cost over a surface<\/span>: measuring overland travel and calculating how much area is within a travel range<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    <\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    • \n

                                      To create buffer you specify the source feature and the buffer distance, GIS draws line around feature, can have several source features with buffers around them<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                    • \n

                                      If you are finding individual locations near a source feature and you can GIS calculate the distance between each location and the closest source<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      <\/h3>\n

                                      Mitchell ch. 7: Mapping Change<\/span><\/h3>\n

                                      <\/h3>\n

                                      Overall<\/span>: GIS lets you map where thing move and knowing what\u2019s changed can help you understand how thing behave over time, anticipate future conditions, or evaluate the results of an action or policy<\/span><\/h3>\n

                                      <\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      • \n

                                        Mapping change in character or magnitude shows you how condition in a place have changed. Change can be a feature or can be associated with a quantity with each feature<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                      • \n

                                        Can map discrete features that physically move or events that represent geographic phenomena that change location<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                          \n
                                        • \n

                                          Discrete features – change in character or in the quantity of an attribute associated with them<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                        • \n

                                          Data summatized by area – totals, percentages, or other quantities are associated with features within defined areas<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                        • \n

                                          Continuous categories – show the type of feature in a place, such as each land cover type<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                        • \n

                                          Continous values – these quantities are continuous, such as air pollution levels<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                        • \n

                                          Can map time 3 differnet ways:<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                            \n
                                          • \n

                                            A trend<\/span> – change between two or more dates or timess<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • \n

                                            Before and after<\/span> – conditions preceding and following an event<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • \n

                                            A cycle<\/span> – change over a recurring time period, such as a day, month, or year<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • \n

                                            Snapshots show the condition at any given moment and are used to map phenomena that are continuous in time\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • \n

                                            Summarizing is used for mapping discrete events in a particular place that are not continuous in time<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • \n

                                            Duration divided by the number of dates yields the interval<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • \n

                                            Number of dates you use depends on the consistency of the change<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            <\/h3>\n
                                              \n
                                            • \n

                                              When calculating change in magnitude you subtract the numeric values associated with each feature<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                                \n
                                              • \n

                                                Can also calculate percentage to show which feature changed the most relative to their original value\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                              • \n

                                                To measure change in type or category you sum the land area of each category and calculate the the actual or percentage difference between the dates<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                <\/h3>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • \n

                                                  3 Ways to map change:<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • \n

                                                    Time series<\/span> – Strong visual impact if change is substantial; shows conditions at each date\/time<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n

                                                    Tracking map<\/span> – Easier to see movement and rate of change that with time series, especially if change is subtle<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Measuring change<\/span> – Shows actual difference in amounts or values<\/span><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                    Mitchell ch. 5: Finding What\u2019s Inside Overall: Finding what is inside can let you see activities that occur in a certain area or summarize information for several areas for comparison. To find what is inide you can draw boundary lines on top of a feature, use area boundary to select the feature inside and list or summarize them, or combine the area boundary and features to create summary Finding what\u2019s inside a single area Service area around a central facility A buffer that debines a distance around some feature An administrative or natural boundary Area you draw manually The results of a model, such as boundaries of floodplain modeled in GIS Finding what\u2019s inside multiple areas Contiguous – zip code\/watersheds Disjunct – state parks Nested – 50 year old floodplains\/area 1 or 2 miles within store Discrete features: identifiable features, can list or count them or summarize a numeric attribute associated with them.\u00a0 Continuous features: seamless geographic phenomena, can summarize features Spatially continuous categories – vegetation type\/elevation Continuous values – temperture, elevation, precipitation Drawing areas and features: good for finding out whether features are inside or outside an area\u00a0 Selecting the features inside the area: good for getting a list or summary of features inside an area\u00a0 Overlaying the areas and features: good for finding out which features are inside which areas, and summarizing how many or how much by area Statistical summaries include: Count – total number of features inside area Frequency – number of features with a given value, or within range of values, inside area, displayed as a table\u00a0 Sum – overall total Average – mean Median – middle of range of values Standard deviation – average amount of values are from the mean Vector or a raster method to overlay areas with continuous categories or classes Vector – GIS splits category or class noundaires where they cross areas and creates a new dataset with the areas that result, then use data table for new layer to summarize the amont of each category in area Raster – GIS compares each cell on the area layer to the corresponding cell of the layer containing the categories Mitchell ch. 6: Finding What\u2019s Nearby Overall: Finding what is near lets you see what is within a set distance or tavel range of\u00a0 a feature. Can monitor events in an area or find an area served by a facility or the features affected by an activity Travel range is measured using distance, time, or cost.\u00a0 To find whats near you can measure straight-line distance, measure cost\/distance over a network, or measure cost over a surface Can calculate distance assuming the earth is flat (planar method) or curved (geodesic method) Planar – good when area of interest is small like city, county, state Geodesic – good for large areas such as large region, continent, or whole Earth Once you have identified which feature are near source you can get a list of the features, a count, or a summary statistic\u00a0 Summary statistics can be: a total number, an amount by category, a statistical summary (mean, maximum, minimum, or standard deviation) If you are specifying more than one range you can create either inclusive rings or distinct bands Inclusive rings are useful for finding out how the total amount increase as the distance increases Distinct bands are useful if you want to compare distance to other characteristics Ways of finding what is nearby Single-line distance: defining an area of influence around a feature, and creating a boundary or selecting features within the distance Distance or cost over a network: measuring travel over a fixed infrastructure Cost over a surface: measuring overland travel and calculating how much area is within a travel range To create buffer you specify the source feature and the buffer distance, GIS draws line around feature, can have several source features with buffers around them If you are finding individual locations near a source feature and you can GIS calculate the distance between each location and the closest source Mitchell ch. 7: Mapping Change Overall: GIS lets you map where thing move and knowing what\u2019s changed can help you understand how thing behave over time, anticipate future conditions, or evaluate the results of an action or policy Mapping change in character or magnitude shows you how condition in a place have changed. Change can be a feature or can be associated with a quantity with each feature Can map discrete features that physically move or events that represent geographic phenomena that change location Discrete features – change in character or in the quantity of an attribute associated with them Data summatized by area – totals, percentages, or other quantities are associated with features within defined areas Continuous categories – show the type of feature in a place, such as each land cover type Continous values – these quantities are continuous, such as air pollution levels Can map time 3 differnet ways: A trend – change between two or more dates or timess Before and after – conditions preceding and following an event A cycle – change over a recurring time period, such as a day, month, or year Snapshots show the condition at any given moment and are used to map phenomena that are continuous in time\u00a0 Summarizing is used for mapping discrete events in a particular place that are not continuous in time Duration divided by the number of dates yields the interval Number of dates you use depends on the consistency of the change When calculating change in magnitude you subtract the numeric values associated with each feature Can also calculate percentage to show which feature changed the most relative to their original value\u00a0 To measure change in type or category you sum the land area of each category and calculate the the actual or percentage difference between the dates 3 Ways to map change: Time series – Strong visual impact if change is substantial; shows conditions at each date\/time Tracking map – Easier to see movement and rate of change that with time series, especially if change is subtle Measuring change – Shows actual difference in amounts or values<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2160,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-197","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-course-student-work"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/197","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2160"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=197"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/197\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":198,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/197\/revisions\/198"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=197"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=197"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-291\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=197"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}