{"id":510,"date":"2022-01-07T09:18:35","date_gmt":"2022-01-07T14:18:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/?page_id=510"},"modified":"2022-10-20T10:20:34","modified_gmt":"2022-10-20T15:20:34","slug":"dmt-iii-feminist-data-visualization","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/dmt-iii-feminist-data-visualization\/","title":{"rendered":"DMT III: Feminist Data Visualization"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-424\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-03-at-6.28.20-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1148\" height=\"1054\" \/><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-428\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"border: 0px solid #666;padding: 10px;background-color: #f2f2f2\"><p>Update: 10\/20\/2022<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Create a shared document with notes, comments, questions on the readings, title it DMT II, put it in the shared folder for class (and email me) prior to our meeting to discuss these materials.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">You might think feminism has absolutely nothing to do with maps and mapping. Hah!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cFeminist Data Visualization\u201d<\/strong> by\u00a0<strong>Catherine D\u2019Ignazio<\/strong> and <strong>Lauren F. Klein<\/strong> is a precursor to the book published in 2020 called <em><a href=\"https:\/\/datafeminism.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Data Feminism<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em> We will read and discuss the former, but I\u2019ll include some details from the latter below. Also, look at \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/human-robot-interaction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Can Feminist Robots Challenge Our Biases?<\/a>\u201d<strong>Feminist Data Visualization\u201d<\/strong> PDF <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/krygier.owu.edu\/temp\/Feminist_Data_Visualization.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/strong><strong><em>Data Feminism <\/em><\/strong>book information <a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/books\/data-feminism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>here<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0<strong>Ponder these questions, google stuff: examples are always good: put some notes on your lab blog<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>What are\u00a0<strong>Feminist Science and Technology Studies<\/strong>? (<strong>Fornara<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What is\u00a0<strong>Feminist Human-Computer<\/strong> Interaction? (<strong>Vandervelde<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What is <strong>Digital Humanities<\/strong> and what is <strong>Feminist Digital Humanities<\/strong>? (<strong>Rancher<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>Where does <strong>Critical Cartography &amp; GIS<\/strong> (which we have discussed) fit into this all? (<strong>Kline<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Principles of Feminist Data Visualization:<\/strong> think up or find examples that fit the principles\n<ol>\n<li>What does it mean to\u00a0<strong>Rethink Binaries<\/strong>? Examples in mapping and GIS? (<strong>Fellenstein<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What does it mean to <strong>Embrace Pluralism<\/strong>? Examples in mapping and GIS? (<strong>Levin<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What does it mean to <strong>Examine Power and Aspire to Empowerment<\/strong>? Examples in mapping and GIS? (<strong>Kelly<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What does it mean to\u00a0<strong>Consider Context<\/strong>? Examples in mapping and GIS? (<strong>Singh<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What does it mean to <strong>Legitimize Embodiment and Affect<\/strong>? Examples in mapping and GIS? (<strong>Lewis<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>What does it mean to <strong>Make Labor Visible<\/strong>? Examples in mapping and GIS? (<strong>Bruni<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Is this approach helpful, and how? What are the potential long-term impacts of these kinds of concepts and ideas on mapping and GIS, and society in general? (everyone)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-477\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Domain.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Donna Haraway, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Primate Visions<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (1989): Successive ideas and paradigms in <\/span><b>primate research<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (on topics like parenting, behavior, sex, resource use, and warfare) have <\/span><b>tended to reflect the historical social concerns and anxieties of the period of their investigation,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and were often imbued with sexist, racist, and colonial discourses.\u201d<\/span>(image <a href=\"https:\/\/www.multispecies-salon.org\/piccinini\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-478\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Fig-7.2-alt-a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"804\" height=\"613\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-482\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-5.30.34-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1246\" height=\"1190\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2258985-men-and-women-in-early-americas-shared-hunting-duties-equally\/?utm_term=Autofeed&amp;utm_campaign=echobox&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1604707233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>A young woman buried with stone tools including spearheads 9000 years ago in what is now Peru probably hunted animals including deer. The finding may help overturn long-standing assumptions about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg23831740-400-the-origins-of-sexism-how-men-came-to-rule-12000-years-ago\/\">gender roles<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg24732921-900-humans-reached-the-americas-15000-years-earlier-than-thought\/\">ancient hunter-gatherer communities in the Americas<\/a>. Within present-day hunter-gatherer communities across North and South America, women makeup at least one-third of the hunting force, and possibly as much as half, says Randy Haas at the University of California, Davis. However, although archaeological investigations over the past century have also found hunting tools in the graves of prehistoric women throughout the Americas, Haas says it took the unearthing of a young woman\u2019s bones in the Andes mountains for scientists to set aside their unconscious biases about gender roles and recognize what they were seeing.\u201cThere is sexist ideology in Western culture that may have slowed our ability to recognize females as hunters in the past,\u201d says Haas, adding that he himself was \u201csurprised, unfortunately\u201d by his discovery.\u201cEven some of the most forward-thinking feminist scholars had accepted it to be true [that women weren\u2019t usually hunters],\u201d he says. Read more: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2258985-men-and-women-in-early-americas-shared-hunting-duties-equally\/#ixzz6dFHFn6yP\">https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2258985-men-and-women-in-early-americas-shared-hunting-duties-equally\/#ixzz6dFHFn6yP<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-427\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-05-at-10.21.05-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"437\" height=\"300\" \/><\/td>\n<td>Americans often idealize scientists as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amacad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/downloads\/PFoS-Perceptions-Science-America.pdf\">unbiased, objective observers<\/a>. But scientists are affected by conscious and unconscious biases for more than 150 years, dating back at least to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Descent_of_Man_and_Selection_in_Rela\/tvEEAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=song\">Charles Darwin\u2019s writings on sexual selection<\/a>, scientists have generally considered bird song to be a male trait. But over the past 20 years, research has shown that both males and females in many bird species sing. Recent findings have shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms4379\">female song is widespread<\/a>, and it is likely that the ancestor of all songbirds had female song. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.07.021\">recently published study<\/a>, we reviewed 20 years of research on female bird song and found that the key people driving this recent paradigm shift were women. <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/women-have-disrupted-research-on-bird-song-and-their-findings-show-how-diversity-can-improve-all-fields-of-science-142874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Krygier&#8217;s <em>Notes and Thoughts<\/em><\/strong>Collections to look at&#8230;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/notanatlas.org\/#atlas-maps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This is Not an Atlas Maps<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countercartographies.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CounterCartographiesCollective<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Data Feminism <a href=\"https:\/\/data-feminism.mitpress.mit.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>book<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/datafeminism.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>site<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/makingmaps.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Makingmaps.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/webcache.googleusercontent.com\/search?q=cache:Lquy_XnsU_4J:countermapcollection.org\/+&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=us&amp;client=safari\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Countermap Collection (cached)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Scholarly sources that <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?cites=17144019281282395668&amp;as_sdt=5,36&amp;sciodt=0,36&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cite the article<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\"><strong>1 INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Contrast between &#8220;revealing&#8221; and &#8220;insight&#8221; and even &#8220;discovery&#8221; vs. a more situated approach to knowledge, knowledge construction \u00a0and understanding\n<ul>\n<li>Is data discovered or created?\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-10.32.27-AM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-10.32.27-AM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-432\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-10.32.27-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"70\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_(Star_Trek)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>feminist theory<\/strong> &#8220;encompasses a range of ideas about how <strong>identity<\/strong> is constructed, how <strong>power<\/strong> is assigned, and how <strong>knowledge<\/strong> is <strong>generated<\/strong>, as well as how a range of <strong>intersectional forces<\/strong> [19] such as <strong>race<\/strong>, <strong>class<\/strong>, and <strong>ability<\/strong>, combine to influence the experience of being in the world.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>identity<\/li>\n<li>power<\/li>\n<li>knowledge<\/li>\n<li>intersectionality\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-10.33.56-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-433\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-10.33.56-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"68\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/iwda.org.au\/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Goal: &#8221; to encourage the development of a range of<strong> alternative visualization practices<\/strong> that better emphasize the design decisions associated with data and its visual display.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Exposing the assumptions involved in choices about <strong>data<\/strong> type, <strong>categorization<\/strong> schema, <strong>visual typology<\/strong>, <strong>interaction<\/strong> mode, and intended <strong>audience<\/strong>; as well as those associated with the qualitative aspects of visualization design and its reception, such as the composition and structure of the <strong>design team<\/strong>, the identification and involvement of <strong>user communities<\/strong>, the contextual and affective factors that influence both the design and reception of visualizations, and the many forms of labor that contribute to a successful visualization design.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/feministstudies.45.1.0129_red.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Dear Data: Feminist Information Design&#8217;s Resistance to Self-Quantification.&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0Miriam Kienle,\u00a0<em>Feminist Studies,<\/em> Vol. 45, No. 1 (2019), pp. 129-158.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<blockquote><p>Every Sunday for one year, information designers Giorgia Lupi and Stefanie Posavec sent each other a hand-drawn postcard that featured a data visualization of their week as it pertained to a single aspect of their daily lives: doors opened, clocks checks, sounds heard, smells perceived, and so on. With this series of postcards exchanged between Brooklyn and London, Lupi and Posavec gained intimate knowledge of one another through their small\/slow data, and at the same time, they produced a critical examination of the capture, interpretation, and visualization of their daily data from a uniquely feminist perspective.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-484\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.03.55-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"917\" height=\"1204\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-485\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.06.13-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"922\" height=\"1208\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-486\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.05.33-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"916\" height=\"1204\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-489\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.04.19-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"878\" height=\"1206\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-490\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.04.12-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"942\" height=\"1244\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-491\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.04.02-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"858\" height=\"1222\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-492\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.03.42-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"838\" height=\"1194\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-493\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.03.27-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"890\" height=\"1204\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-488\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-10-at-8.04.26-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"944\" height=\"1256\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem\">2 RELATED WORK<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;As the binary distinction between male and female, as well as the hierarchical relation that posits male above female, have been abstracted to serve as models for a range of structures and systems, feminist theory has been marshaled in order to challenge the validity of a variety of <strong>binaristic<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/intro-to-semiotics-27-638.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-434\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/intro-to-semiotics-27-638.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"71\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/uztn3uiohx5mwh.freeddns.com\/binaristic-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)\u00a0and <strong>hierarchical<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/language-sexism.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-435\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/language-sexism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"94\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/thepoorprint.com\/2017\/01\/20\/is-language-sexist-is-sexism-linguistic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) configurations.\n<ul>\n<li>how have the male\/female binaries (and hierarchies) shaped many aspects of our lives, culture and society<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;traits traditionally seen as masculine (such as aggression and self-assuredness) are also seen as beneficial in the business world. Research suggests that these traditional views of masculinity have perpetuated bias and inequality in the economy, leading to \u201ctoxic masculinity.\u201d Further, as we expand beyond the gender binary of male and female and push for equality among all genders, our understanding of masculinity, and its role in the economy, is shifting.&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gendereconomy.org\/masculinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>By the same token, expansions of feminist theory \u2013 crucially, intersectional feminism \u2013 have been employed to overturn systems of oppression that cannot be reduced to a single structure or source.&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/nocite-Axes-of-dominance-privilege-and-oppression.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-436\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/nocite-Axes-of-dominance-privilege-and-oppression.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"76\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/natalyadell\/home\/intersectionality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Intersectionality is a feminist theory, a methodology for research, and a springboard for a social justice action agenda. It starts from the premise that people live multiple, layered identities derived from social relations, history and the operation of structures of power. Intersectional analysis aims to reveal multiple identities, exposing the different types of discrimination and disadvantage that occur as a consequence of the combination of identities. It aims to address the manner in which racism, patriarchy, class oppression and other systems of discrimination create inequalities that structure the relative positions of women. It takes account of historical, social and political contexts and also recognises unique individual experiences resulting from the coming together of different types of identity.&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/gsdrc.org\/document-library\/intersectionality-a-tool-for-gender-and-economic-justice-facts-and-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>2.1 Feminist Science and Technology Studies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Science and Technology Studies (STS) is an interdisciplinary field that emerged in the 1960s and 70s. STS examines the social, cultural, and historical aspects of science and technology.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;One of the key contributions of STS has been to challenge the idea that science and\/or technology is objective and neutral by demonstrating how scientific thought is situated in particular cultural, historical, economic, and social systems.&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/gr1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-438\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/gr1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"134\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(18)33135-0\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">&#8220;Feminist STS, both implicitly and explicitly, looks to the perspectives of those marginalized by current power configurations (including and especially those marginalized because of gender, sexuality, race, and\/or ethnicity) as a way of exposing how their perspectives are not included in what is considered \u201cobjective\u201d truth.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1761670\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>medicine<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0| <a href=\"https:\/\/dts.podtrac.com\/redirect.mp3\/academicminute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/11-05-20-Cal-State-Long-Beach-Transforming-Spatial-Thinking.mp3?dl=1&amp;siteplayer=true&amp;dl=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>spatial thinking<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>2.2 Feminist Human-Computer Interaction<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>In both feminist HCI and critical information visualization, researchers have introduced design principles that attempt to draw attention to how knowledge resides in specific bodies (disclosure\/self-disclosure, embodiment), how power is distributed throughout the design process (empowerment, advocacy, ecology) and how to include more voices and alternative perspectives in the design process, as well as the experience of the resulting artifact (participation, pluralism, plurality).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-11.09.48-AM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-439\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-11.09.48-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"51\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/par.nsf.gov\/servlets\/purl\/10156789\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) |\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-11.18.57-AM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-440\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-11.18.57-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"80\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Intersectional-HCI%3A-Engaging-Identity-through-Race%2C-Schlesinger-Edwards\/27b49a706d907c5d6858068ba97bbe873fcf687f\/figure\/2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>2.3 Feminist Digital Humanities<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>In terms of visualization work, gender \u2013 especially as it relates to issues of authorship and style \u2013 has long served as a subject of DH research, e.g. [46]. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-11.50.18-AM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-441\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-11.50.18-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"130\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/IntroductionToDigitalHumanities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) However, the visualizations that accompany such analyses almost always employ standard representational techniques [45]. Recently, Miriam Posner [65] identified the development of new visual strategies for the representation of non-binary gender as one of the most pressing challenges of DH today.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/5lumdbd3t2y41.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-442\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/5lumdbd3t2y41.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"62\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/sa-visual\/visualizing-sex-as-a-spectrum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>2.4 Critical Cartography &amp; GIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Cartographers such as JB Harley challenged the perceived neutrality of the map and introduced notions of ideology and bias [40, 41]. While he did not explicitly draw on feminist theory, Harley argued for the situatedness of maps as historically and culturally contingent documents. During the same period, Denis Wood connected maps explicitly to the rise of the nation-state and showed how maps serve political interests [82]. Other scholars linked Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to an impoverished techno-positivism [64] and militarism [71]. Subsequent scholarship theorized the map more as rhetorical proposition than depiction of \u201cfact\u201d [81].\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/An_introduction_to_Critical_Cartography_Crampton_and_Krygier_2006.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-443\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/An_introduction_to_Critical_Cartography_Crampton_and_Krygier_2006.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"59\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/coggle.it\/diagram\/Wbn3TDOc-AAB-1af\/t\/an-introduction-to-cartography-crampton-and-krygier-2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>3 PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST DATA VISUALIZATION<\/strong><strong>3.1 Rethink Binaries<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Central to feminist theory is the disavowal of binary distinctions\u2013 not only between the categories of male and female, but also between nature and culture [37], subject and object [43], reason and emotion [54], and body and world [4], among many others. A feminist approach to data visualization should therefore emphasize representational strategies premised on multiplicity rather than binaries, and acknowledge the limits of any binaristic view [53].<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-473\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/960534_81_90771_jbDeAJ2Hx.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"59\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-475\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/960533_81_90771_6LZWdKRC9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"59\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-474\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/960537_81_90771_DrdO3qFgW.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0 Revenge mapping: still polarized (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.core77.com\/posts\/90771\/A-Great-Example-of-Better-Data-Visualization-This-Voting-Map-GIF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-12.13.52-PM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-445\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-12.13.52-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"61\" \/><\/a>\u00a0Red and blue and purple and polarization\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/10\/30\/opinion\/election-results-maps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Not only a challenge for the visualization phase of research, rethinking the representation of gender, among other binaristic categories, challenges us to inquire how the processes associated with data collection and classification, as well as their visual display, might be made to better account for a range of multiple and fluid categories.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Design Process Questions: Is our data the right type? What categories have we taken for granted? How can we register responses that do not fit into the categories we have provided, even and especially if they are \u201cedge cases\u201d and \u201coutliers\u201d?Design Output Questions: How do we communicate the limits of our categories in the final representation? How can we allow the user to refactor the categories we have presented for view?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>3.2 Embrace Pluralism<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Feminist theory seeks to challenge claims of objectivity, neutrality and universalism, emphasizing instead how knowledge is always constructed within the context of a specific subject position [8, 38, 39, 54]. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-463\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.49.59-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"67\" \/>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/detroitography.com\/2013\/06\/12\/where-commuters-run-over-black-children-detroit-1968\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) In the context of data visualization, a focus on the designer\u2019s own subject position can help to expose the decisions, both implicit and explicit, that contribute to the creation of any particular visual display.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Ideally, a focus on pluralism would help visualization research move away from its current emphasis on \u201cobjective\u201d presentation in favor of designs that facilitate pathways to multiple truths.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/slcview.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-448\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/slcview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"74\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/284820587_Visualization_in_Modern_Cartography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\"><em>Design Process Questions:<\/em> Whose voices are not represented on the design team but might be important for the conceptualization of the project?\u00a0Who is being envisioned as the ideal user? How could additional perspectives be accommodated, even those considered marginal? Whose perspectives have been excluded from the\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">categorization schema? For example, collecting gender in female\/male buckets excludes transgender, gender-fluid and two-spirit people.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><em>Design Output Questions:<\/em> Can the artifact communicate the subject positions of the researcher(s) and designer(s) in a transparent way? Whose view of the world does the visualization represent? <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/IMG_1553.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-450\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/IMG_1553.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"71\" \/><\/a>\u00a0&amp; \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.36.37-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-459\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.36.37-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"70\" \/><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/invisiblechildren.com\/blog\/2018\/04\/05\/community-mapping\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) Can the visualization communicate whose voices are missing? <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-5.03.11-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-465\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-5.03.11-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"60\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/native-land.ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>). Could perspective-taking be a useful strategy to consider for multiple views on the data?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>3.3 Examine Power and Aspire to Empowerment<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>A feminist approach to data visualization therefore acknowledges the user as a source of knowledge in the design as well as the reception of any visual interface. The creation of knowledge is, after all, always a shared endeavor.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Aspiring to empowerment, then, may involve designing for and evaluating the success of a visualization at the scale of the community rather than the individual user.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><em>Design Process Questions:<\/em> How is power distributed across the design team? Whose voice matters more and why? How can end-users\u2019 voices be more fully integrated into the design process? Can we build capacity in user communities, or enlarge our internal perspectives, by employing a more participatory design process?<em>Design Output Questions:<\/em> Can the visualization empower the end-user and\/or her community, group, or organization? <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/20180904-industrial-corridors-and-cumulative-impacts-map.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-451\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/20180904-industrial-corridors-and-cumulative-impacts-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"122\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/psmag.com\/environment\/which-chicago-neighborhoods-are-most-at-risk-from-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.59.09-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-464\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.59.09-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"83\" \/><\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/antievictionmap.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>). When do values often assumed to be a social good, such as \u201cchoice,\u201d \u201copenness,\u201d or \u201caccess,\u201d result in disempowerment instead?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>3.4 Consider Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>A central premise of feminist theory is that all knowledge is situated [36], where \u201csituated\u201d refers to the particular social, cultural, and material context in which that knowledge is produced [33]. A feminist approach to data visualization must therefore consider how diverse contexts can influence the production of a visualization, and think through the various ways in which any particular visualization output might be received.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330647985_Desert_wonderings_reimagining_food_access_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.15.45-PM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-452\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-4.15.45-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"82\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330647985_Desert_wonderings_reimagining_food_access_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Design Process Questions: How can we leverage human-centered design [14] and participatory design [72] methods to learn about and with our end-users, including learning more about their culture, history, circumstances, and worldviews? How can we let these insights shape our design practice and change our notions about what constitutes \u201cgood\u201d information design?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Design Output Questions: What kinds of terminology, symbols, and cultural artifacts have meaning to end-users, and how can we incorporate those into our designs? What might we learn if we were to visualize \u201cmessy\u201d data [68]? How do we take context into account in the assessment of visualizations?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>3.5 Legitimize Embodiment and Affect<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Feminist theory recognizes embodied and affective experiences \u2013 that is, experiences that derive from sensation and emotion \u2013 as ways of knowing on par with more quantitative methods of knowing and experiencing the world [13]. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-5.06.41-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-466\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-5.06.41-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"60\" \/><\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2020-coronavirus-lockdown-neighborhood-maps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>). By definition, visualization rests on the production and assimilation of visual knowledge. But even the most efficiency-oriented and task-driven visualizations have embodied and affective impact, if only to communicate their utility, economy, and purposefulness by way of the visual domain.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><em>Design Process Questions:<\/em> How can we leverage embodied and affective experience to enhance visualization design and engage users? <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-3.14.26-PM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-454\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-07-at-3.14.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"69\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1877916615300047\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>) &amp; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-461\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/owjl-finalmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/makingmaps.net\/2009\/06\/22\/making-psychogeography-maps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source<\/a>). What kinds of expertise might we need on our design team in order to do that? (e.g. fine art, graphic design, animation, or communication specialists)<em>Design Output Questions:<\/em> What kinds of embodied and affective experience has meaning to end-users? Should we consider tactile, experiential, or social ways of accessing the data visualization? Can we consider visualization outputs in an expanded field, such as data murals [7], data sculptures [1], public walks [2], quilts [48] and installations [63]?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>3.6 Make Labor Visible<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Information design processes often start with data, but a feminist approach would insist that they begin by working backwards to surface the actors (both individual and institutional) that have labored to generate a particular dataset.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Design Process Questions: Can the team work backwards from the given data to document their provenance and talk to their caregivers? Has the team discussed roles, responsibilities, and credit in advance of publication? Design Output Questions: Is it feasible to provide a metadata visualization that shows the provenance of the data and their stakeholders (caregivers) at each step? Have we properly attributed work on the project?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-470 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-353\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/173\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-02-at-7.13.35-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"364\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Update: 10\/20\/2022 Create a shared document with notes, comments, questions on the readings, title it DMT II, put it in the shared folder for class (and email me) prior to our meeting to discuss these materials. You might think feminism <span class=\"readmore\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/dmt-iii-feminist-data-visualization\/\">Continue Reading<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":138,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-510","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/138"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=510"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":876,"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/510\/revisions\/876"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.owu.edu\/geog-112\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}